THe beginning of Seattle history :: essays papers

THe beginning of Seattle history The coast of Washington is rich with the history of early America. While much of the United States was still in its infancy, Washington was thriving with industry. Though the industry was large, the towns were just beginning to grow. Though Washington’s coastal towns offered much to its citizens, it was the logging industry that started it all. In this paper, I will discuss the growth of the logging industry, specifically in relation to Seattle, and the resulting extension industries in the development of what is now our nations largest port city. I. The early industry: The laborers who sat idle during the fur trading off-season were of great concern to George Simpson, resident governor of the Hudson’s Bay Company in 1821. As he sat in his newly transferred building situated on the north bank of the Columbia River, he noticed the commanding view, in which he saw endless stands of thick timber. By order of Simpson, command of the new post, Fort Vancouver, was secured by one John McLoughlin and together, the two established the first Washington timber mill (Ficken 1987). The mill, which began operation in 1828, was charged with the responsibility of supplying timber up and down the southern coast of the United States and where ever markets were deemed profitable. This venture enabled the company to cover expenses throughout the remainder of the year and according to Simpson, â€Å"†¦yielded quite a handsome profit† (Ficken 1987). The mighty Columbia had proven useful in transporting logs to the port in the Puget Sound. The successful Fort Vancouver sawmill constituted the only timber exploitation resource in the Pacific Northwest for over a decade. As the industry became more and more profitable, the inevitable happened, and the Americans came to the Northwest. II. The potential of Seattle is realized: In 1851, Arthur Denny and a small crew built small log shelters on the beach of Elliot Bay. As Denny and his party recognized the availability of timber in the region, they moved camp to the more protected eastern shores of the bay to erect facilities to process the lumber they would soon be harvesting (Ficken 1987). As they laid out their settlement, they called their village Duwamps (later to be know as Seattle). The industry grew and soon mills were showing up all over the coast of Washington.

Nitric Oxide Therapy in infants with pulmonary hypertension

The benefits of nitrogen oxide (NO) therapy as used in the treatment of infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension (PPHN) can be best appreciated if the reader is familiar with the pathophysiology of PPHN and the previous methods used in treating the disease. The function of NO has evolved in the minds of the scientific community from being a mere noxious gas emitted by vehicles to a wonder compound in the field of medicine. In the area of pulmonology, its vasodilatory effect in the blood vessels is now being used to assist PPHN patients in rerouting blood flow in infants whose blood circulation fails to shift from fetal to normal circulation.Such nature of the compound, being the main ingredient in NO therapy allows for a less invasive procedure which in effect reduces risks of complications during and after treatments, expected in previous treatment methods. This reduced risks account for the relatively more cost-effective character of NO therapy as a treatment method in PPHN p atients.There is not much use for the lungs during the fetal life. At such stage, the function of the lungs is carried out by the placenta through the umbilical cord. Fetal life is characterized by a high pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) with pulmonary blood flow being restricted to a less than 10% lung-directed cardiac output. Blood vessels that connect the heart and the lungs are constricted, sending the circulating blood back to the heart through the ductus arteriosus, a blood vessel that functions only in fetuses. In other words, the lungs in the fetal stage are bypassed.At birth, when the lungs finally assume the function of gas exchange, the PVR decreases, allowing for an increase in pulmonary blood flow. The blood vessel that is previously constricted, favoring blood flow to the ductus arteriosus is now relaxed, simultaneously with the permanent closure of the ductus arteriosus. This happens as the lungs become ventilated and the alveolar oxygen tension is increased.Persis tent Pulmonary Hypertansion occurs when at birth, the lung circulation fails to achieve the normal drop in PVR, preventing the transition from fetal to newborn circulation. This failure results in the continuous functioning of the ductus arteriosus which impairs the flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and limits the amount of oxygen that can be picked up by the blood to be delivered to the different parts of the body. The blood that flows back to the heart remains in an unoxygenated state which could lead to the development of refractory hypoxemia, respiratory distress and acidosis.It is only in 1987 when nitric oxide (NO) was recognized as a key endothelial-derived vasodilator molecule. From then, research has been expanded to establish the role of NO throughout the body, and to discover its therapeutic potential.   To appreciate the effects of NO in alleviating pulmonary hypertension, it is important to gain understanding of its chemistry and mechanism of action.Nitric Oxi de is a gaseous compound that rapidly diffuses across membranes and has a single unpaired electron. This explains its high reactivity, especially to Hemoglobin (Hb) in the blood. This nature of the compound accounts for its noted biological significance. It has been discovered to function as stimulant in the release of hormones; as neurotransmitter; a significant participant in the magnification of synaptic actions and learning processes; and an inhibitor in platelet aggregation, which makes it a marvel in the field of cardiology. In the field of pulmonology, nitric oxide is valued for its vasodilatory effect in the blood vessels.This effect can be explained by the mechanism involving the compound's diffusion from the vascular endothelial cells to the subjacent smooth muscles of the pulmonary vessels. From here, NO activates the enzyme guanylate cyclase to change conformation to promote smooth muscle relaxation by converting GTP to cGMP.   This vasodilatory effect signals the mech anism to modulate blood flow and vascular tone.Given the mechanism of action, it is easy to surmise how NO can be utilized as a therapeutic agent in the management of blood-vessel-related diseases such as those related to the heart (hypertension), the reproductive system(erectile dysfunction) and in this case, the lungs (Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension in infants (PPHN)).Before NO, treatments used in infant PPHN are hyperventilation, continuous infusion of alkali, tube vasodilation and vasodilator drugs. A study on the effects of these various treatments was done by Ellington, Jr., et. al., (2001) showing no specific therapy clearly associated with the reduction in mortality in infants. In determining whether therapies were equivalent, the study showed that hyperventilation reduced the risk of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) with no oxygen increase at 28 days, while alkali infusion increased the use of ECMO as well as an increase in the use of oxygen at 28 days (Ellingt on, Jr., et. al., 2001). ECMO is a highly invasive procedure that requires major surgery, performed in serious cases of PPHN when patients fail to respond to treatments.It is only after post-lab studies were able to identify the role of NO-cGMP signaling in the regulation of lung circulation that NO therapy was developed for PPHN (Channick, R., et. al., 1994). Like previous treatment methods, NO therapy improves oxygenation as well as reduces the risk of ECMO in infants with PPHN (Oliveira, et. al., 2000). But because nitric oxide is capable of acting on its own upon inhalation to relax the blood vessels and improve circulation, it is considered as a less invasive procedure in the management of infants with PPHN compared to the previous treatments mentioned in the preceding paragraphs.The efficiency of the treatment procedure can be determined by observing its effect on the patient's ventilation and blood flow, which is a determinant of the efficiency of transpulmonary oxygenation a nd partial pressure of oxygen in the systemic arterial blood (Ichinose, et. al., 2004). NO therapy enhances the mechanism by which blood flow is redistributed toward regions in the lungs with better ventilation and higher intra-alveolar partial pressure of oxygen (Ichinose, et. al., 2004).Other treatments used in the management of PPHN such as tube ventilation, alkalosis and intravenous vasodilators were shown to be effective in ameliorating pulmonary hypertension in some infants, but in many instances, it does not, as ECMO almost always becomes a necessity in saving the life of the infants (Ichinose, et. al., 2004). A type of hyperventilation has been proven not to increase the risk of ECMO, but unlike NO-therapy (Ellington, Jr., et. al., 2001), it is invasive as to require a tube inserted inside the infant's trachea.In patients with moderate PPHN, there is an improvement in arterial p a O 2, reduced necessity of ventilator support and low risk of progression to severe PPHN (Sadiq, et. al., 2003) and this, without the risk of increasing the incidence of adverse outcomes when the age of 1 year is reached (Clark, et. al. 2003). Inhaled NO is able to rapidly increase the arterial oxygen tension and increase the blood flow in the lungs without causing systemic hypotension (Roberts, 1992; Kinsella, 1992). No apparent increase in morbidity has been shown after one year of treatment with NO (Aparna and Hoskote, 2008). For high-risk infants with PPHN, inhaled NO has been found to lessen the risk of pulmonary hypertensive crisis (PHTC) after congenital heart surgery (Miller, et. al. 2000).Studies on the role of NO in the management of PPHM show that while it is therapeutic, it also prevents the occurrence of chronic lung disease which affects morbidity. Vascular cell proliferation and pulmonary vascular disease have been shown to decrease with NO in the newborn (Roberts, et. al., 1995). In addition, while NO treatment can be more costly, it is the most cost-effective among other methods because of the reduced need for ECMO (Angus, et. al. 2003). For these reasons, it is understandable why NO therapy seems to have taken over in the area of PPHN treatment.ReferencesAngus DC, Clermont G, Watson RS, et al. (2003). Cost-effectiveness of inhaled nitric oxide in the treatment of neonatal respiratory failure in the United States. Pediatrics. 112, 1351–1360.Aparna U., Hoskote, MD., et. al. (2008). Airway function in infants treated with inhaled nitric oxide for persistent pulmonary hypertension. Pediatr Pulmonol. 43, 224-235.Channick R, Hoch R, Newhart J, et al. (1994). Improvement in pulmonary hypertension and hypoxemia during nitric oxide inhalation in a patient with end-stage pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 149, 811-814Clark, RH., Huckaby, JL., et. al. (2003). Low-Dose Nitric Oxide Therapy for Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension: 1-Year Follow-up. Journal of Perinatology. 23, 300.  Ellington Jr, Marty, O'Reilly, et. al. (2001). C hild Health Status, Neurodevelopmental Outcome, and Parental Satisfaction in a Randomized, Controlled Trial of Nitric Oxide for Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn. Pediatrics,107.Ichinose F, Roberts JD, et.al. (2004). A Selective Pulmonary Vasodilator: Current Uses and Therapeutic Potential. Circulation. 109, 3106-3111. Kinsella JP, Neish SR, Shaffer E, et al. (1992). Low-dose inhalation nitric oxide in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Lancet.   340, 819–820.Miller O, Tang SW, et. al. (2000) Inhaled nitric oxide and prevention of pulmonary hypertension after congenital heart surgery: A randomised double-blind study. The Lancet. 356: 9240, 1464.Oliveira cac, et. al. (2000). Inhaled Nitric oxide in the management of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn: a meta-analysis. Rev. Hosp. Clin. Fac. Med. S., 55 (4): 145-154, 2000Roberts JD Jr, Polaner DM, Lang P, et al. (1992). Inhaled nitric oxide in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Lancet. 340, 818–819.Roberts JD Jr, Roberts CT, Jones RC, et al. (1995). Continuous nitric oxide inhalation reduces pulmonary arterial structural changes, right ventricular hypertrophy, and growth retardation in the hypoxic newborn rat. Circ Res. 76, 215-222.  Sadiq HF, Mantych G, et. al. (2003). Inhaled Nitric Oxide in the Treatment of Moderate Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn: A Randomized Controlled, Multicenter Trial. Journal of Perinatology.   23, (2).98

Corruption Of The Saudi Arabia - 906 Words

Corruption in Saudi Arabia According to The Economic Times reports â€Å"corruption in a civilized society is a disease like cancer, which if not detected on time, is surely to spread its malignancy among the polity of the country, leading to disastrous consequences† (Economic Times). Corruption or what it should be called how to destroy a community is the easier and faster way to kill a nation. Unfortunately, corruption is widespread in Saudi Arabia, and an abundance of corrupt people take advantage of their positions to achieve personal goals. Perhaps the most important of their reasons are earning money and having more power because of weak government regulators. This however, has a negative result on various aspects of social life, economic, and political in Saudi Arabia. There are several reasons behind the emergence of the phenomenon of corruption and outbreaks in communities. There is nearly unanimity on the fact that this phenomenon is negative behavior. some of the re asons for people to turn towards to corruption is to make more money, engaging in corruption, and dreaming of more strength. However, the main reason that allows people to engage in corruption and enjoy it is the weakness of government regulation. Corruption leads to the demoralizing aspects of frustration and apathy. Also it will raise the negative spread between the members of the community. Corruption also results in a lack of professionalism the loss of the value of work and a decliningShow MoreRelatedCorruption Of The Saudi Arabia874 Words   |  4 PagesCorruption in Saudi Arabia Referring to The Economic Times report â€Å"corruption in a civilized society is a disease like cancer, which if not detected on time, is surely to spread its malignancy among the polity of the country, leading to disastrous consequences† (Economic Times). Corruption or what I like to call it how to destroy a community is the easier and faster way to kill a nation.  Unfortunately, corruption is widespread in Saudi Arabia, and  an abundance of corrupt people takes advantageRead MoreSaudi Arabia And The Arab Arabia1279 Words   |  6 PagesPersian Gulf and Red Sea, is a country by the name of Saudi Arabia, the Middle East’s largest country. Saudi Arabia is officially known as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Given the title â€Å"the birthplace of Islam†, makes Saudi Arabia highly respected in the Middle East and in many other Muslim countries and communities. Composed of over twenty-seven million citizens, Saudi Arabia ranks as the 13th largest countr y in the world. Business in Saudi Arabia is different than business in the United States inRead MoreThe Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia1498 Words   |  6 PagesThe Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is one of the most centralized countries in the Middle East. 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However, Marib’s wealth in oil and gas reserves would be worthless without the support and protection of Saudi Arabia and Al-Aradh’s tribal politics. In cooperation with Marib’s political leaders, Saudi Arabia has established a military base in their fight against Yemen’s rebels, the Houthis. Although Al-Aradh insists that â€Å"he had worked to increase the rule of law†, violence and fraud are still prominentRead MoreSaudi Arabi A Forbidden Corruption And Destruction Essay980 Words   |  4 PagesIn December of 2015, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia announced that it had formed a coalition of 34 primarily Muslim countries to coordinate a fight against terrorist organizati ons (Saud Arabia forms†¦, 2015; What the Saudis can do†¦, 2015). The alliance was announced by Mohammed bin Salman, the Kingdom’s defense minister and deputy crown prince. The coalition was described as including countries such as Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Turkey, Pakistan, Malaysia, and Nigeria but questions directed toRead MorePoverty : A Economic Disparity Between The Rich And Poor1361 Words   |  6 Pageswhen there is great economic disparity between the rich and the poor. Adam Smith reflects on the income gap in his quote: â€Å"No society can surely be flourishing and happy, of which the far greater part of the members are poor and miserable.† Due to Saudi Arabia’s vast oil wealth, there is a large amount of the population who live well and fruitful, but more than 20 percent of the population lives in crippling poverty (Baker, 2013). Poverty is usually defined in either absolute or relative terms. Absolute

Essay on Teaching No, but Saying Yes - 1540 Words

Teaching No, but Saying Yes America has the highest number of teen pregnancies with 750,000 teenage girls becoming pregnant each year and HIV, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, a leading cause of death in young people, infects America’s youth everyday (Sun). The lives of ordinary young men and women are abruptly interrupted when they learn they will soon be parents or must now live with an incurable disease. With this information in mind, American public schools need to be teaching middle school and high schools students the importance of safe sex. Many programs focus on the idea of abstinence, refraining from sexual activity until marriage, but these programs seem to have little to no effect on our youth. By age 19, most college students†¦show more content†¦Schoolchildren do not know that by having oral sex, you can still contract STDs. How can parents and teachers expect them to know when the health teachers just explain abstinence is the key? Is talking about sex a bad thing? In society today it seems that people are afraid to speak about teenage sexual behavior because it is something teens are expected not to do. As if just telling teens to not have sex will just solve it all. But teenagers rarely do as they are told. Some researches would make you believe handing out condoms and enlightening teens on sex in like giving a pass to be promiscuous, but in all honesty this is not the message advocates and educators are sending. Telling teens about what happens, the emotional aftermath, and the risks involved with sex will cause them to think about it more and be more open to talking to their parents or guardians. Many of America’s young people are afraid to speak to their parents about sex because they feel embarrassed or feel like their parents will lock them away to be sure they abstain from sex, but talking about sex with people who have been through what teens are going through will help. New reality television shows are depicting life as a teenage mom or what it is like to live with HIV/AIDS. A show called, Teen Mom, a spin-off of its original, 16 and Pregnant, follows the lives of teenage mothers trying to raise their babies while still attending school, dating, andShow MoreRelatedNotes On Paul s Teachings974 Words   |  4 Pages8th, 2015 Paul’s Teachings Paul was born as Saul of Tarsus. He was both a Jew and a Roman citizen. He became a prosecutor of those who follow Jesus and accepted him as their Lord and King. Saul was not trying to being mean by doing this. He thought of it as just working against an enemy of his own Jewish faith. One day he was on the way to Damascus and a bright heavenly light came down from above and blinded him. He was struck to the ground and a voice called out to him saying â€Å"Saul, why do youRead MoreEssay on ESL teaching1377 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Assignment : Teaching Grammar to ESL Students 1. I used to drink a bottle of vodka a day. (a recovering alcoholic at an AA meeting) STRUCTURE: ‘used’ structure FORM: subject + used to + infinitive B. FUNCTION AND MEANING It talks about an action that happened regularly in the past but no longer happens in the present. . C. PROBLEMS WITH†¦ Meaning: Students may think that he is talking about the present, rather than the past. Some learners may use ‘used to’ in place of theRead MoreThe Transcendentalist Movement Shaped America1603 Words   |  7 Pagesoppressive boarding school. It is clear that, throughout the film, Mr. Keating is effective in teaching the oppressed boys the ideas of Emerson, Thoreau, and Whitman when the boys begin to reflect transcendental principles in their bold choices. Mr. Keating thoroughly inspires the boys to adapt the ideas of Ralph Waldo Emerson by stressing the importance of nonconformity and confidence. It is evident that his TEACHING makes an impact on the boy when Todd is breaks out of his shell, Charlie Dalton refusesRead MoreRape Culture : It Is Believable Or Not1537 Words   |  7 Pagesthings. Another thing that is an example of rape culture is when you tell little kids that when someone is chasing them, picking on them, or being mean to them it is because they like them. Parents teach little boys that when a girl says no, she means yes, and when the girl runs away, society tells them that it means to chase after her. It is the little habits like these that stick with a child for the rest of their lives. Parents teach little girls to cross their legs and ankles so little boys can notRead MoreThe Myth Of The Devil792 Words   |  4 Pagesto be obscure due to its delicate circumstance. As mentioned, the only way this information coul d survive in the beginning, triumph through parables, secrets, and mysteries. 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Faith and the saying, â€Å"I believe† are very common, so one can seeRead MoreBuilding A Vision For Leading812 Words   |  4 Pagesothers are saying that a change needs to be made in our education system. The traditional way of running our schools and teacher is not working. We are not teacher generations of kids that have had the same upbringing as kids from 20 to even 10 years ago. We are teaching kids that are being raised by kids and generations that have changed in their overall morals and views on what is important in life. In looking, at these factors it is imperative we change our way of teaching kids. Yes, we needRead MoreThe Importance Of Common Core State Standards980 Words   |  4 Pagesa course of study / the information or knowledge that students are to learn (course content) / planned learning experiences / intended learning outcomes (the results of instruction as distinguished from the means [activities, materials, etc.] of teaching /and all the experiences that students have while at school (Pg. 2 / Ch. 1) – which is the embodiment of what real holistic curriculum is; however, the common core standards represent a national effort to raise expectations, to improve instructionalRead MoreShould We Amend The Bible?895 Words   |  4 Pagesdozens and dozens of other topics. Perhaps I desire too much from a single book. Scriptures contain everything humanity needs to know about God, but it does not reveal everything that we want to know, especially now. Several thousand years ago, perhaps yes. The truth that God has revealed is sufficient but not exhaustive. 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The Uncertainity of Death - 1169 Words

When you think of the word â€Å"death† what exactly comes to mind? For most people you may think of pitch black darkness for death is the opposite, the recipical of life just like darkness is the opposite of light it remains a mysterious phenomenon that we all must experience. Just like darkness we don’t know what’s inside it, we have no idea what happens after death therefore we fear it. In fact in Eckhart Tolle’s article â€Å"The Origin of Fear† he brings to us a thesis of â€Å"but ultimately all fear is the egos fear of death, of annihilation. To the ego, death is always just around the corner.†(Tolle) This is a very powerful realization that all fear is the fear of death, we fear a spider because it may kill us, we have a fear of heights because we may fall to our death. But fortunately for us, in the novel â€Å"Tuesdays With Morrie† we have a dying Socially Professor Morrie Schwartz who is just on the bridge between life and d eath. He gives us another realization that we shouldn’t fear death for it is not this be all end all concept, that it may be the opposite of life but shouldn’t be considered a villainous ego and that death is needed for it is the great equalizer in nature. The misconception that some people may have that causes them to fear it is that it’s this be all end all concept it’s like you would never have had existed. Some religions and cultures do believe that there is an afterlife and that helps them fear death less. In â€Å"Tuesdays With Morrie† an afterlife is neitherShow MoreRelatedThe Moon Landing Conspiracy Theory1515 Words   |  7 Pagesthat the Wright Brothers flew the first human aircraft and then forty years later air travel was routine (Bizony, The great uncertainity of apollo, 2009). 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Customs are evident in many events in ones life e.g birth, marriage, death and at key events in the year e.g Christmas, Easter, Ramadan etc. Such components as values beliefs and customs are often ingrained in a society and many of us only fully realise what is special about our own cultures, its beliefs, values and customs

Information Technology And Quality Customer Servic Essay Example For Students

Information Technology And Quality Customer Servic Essay e Information Technology And Quality Customer Servic Essaye: How is this achieved at the County of San Bernardino? In times past quality service was not important to managers and staff that worked for the County of San Bernardino. However due to the proliferation of corruption and mismanagement taxpayers are demanding more for their dollar. It is a known fact that when local government is run efficiently more people can be put to work. The money saved from this can in turn be used to benefit the local cities. Civic improvements can be made instead of paying for people to sit at home. To create this quality service information technology needed to be implemented. This where the BAS or (Business Applications and Support) division enters the picture. The mission of BAS is to provide quality computer software support through a customer service oriented methodology. A while back, before ITSD, there were ASU (Automated Systems Unit) analysts who lead and coordinated automation projects. They would gather up the requests from the different SSG divisions/departments, do a preliminary analysis, write a work order stating the request and/or problem that was to be solved through automation. The work order would then find its way to ISD (Information Services Department) where it would be assigned to a programmer analyst who would do an in-depth analysis with the help of the ASU analyst and define the requirements for the automation project. The programming would begin and soon, a new program was created and deployed. The requests and problems soon began to multiply and expand until it was like a virtual snowstorm of requests, too many for one small unit to keep under control. Help arrived around 1990 in the form of the Automation Project Administrator the first of the Automation Coordination Specialists gathered together to relieve some of the burden falling on ASU. The Automation Project Administrator soon gathered in a handful of Automation Coordination Specialists who took on much of the job of the initial analysis of automation requests and problem definition. They met with the users, defined the problem, wrote the initial work order, which then went to ASU to forward to ISD, and often worked with the ISD programmers. The two units, ASU and ACU, found themselves still unable to keep up with the many automation requests, particularly since ASU had years before branched out into computer hardware requisition and maintenance. Then came Information Technology and Support Division (ITSD). ASU and ACU merged into one entity, a small (but growing) and mighty automation division. ASU became Systems Operations and Support (SOS) and ACU became BAS Business Applications and Support. The BAS Analysts do in-depth analyses of computer software requests, working with the users and their management, write detailed functionality and design specs and work with the programmers to make sure that the final product is what the user requested and will meet the needs of the department. Support nearly all software applications within SSG, including the TAD Mainframe Benefit Issuance System; GAPPS, CWS/CMS and a myriad of PC based applications as well as intranet/internet. A change in technology has occurred in the past, and will continue at increasing rate. What will we use in five short years, in ten years. the future of office automation will be achieved by all of us working together. This is important in this day and age when quality customer service is the buzzword for all branches of civil service. The attached chart shows what the long-term plan is for the County of San Bernardino. These improvements will enable the line worker to put more people to work and less people on the public dole. .

Merits & Demerits of Utilizing Social Networks-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Merits and demerits of utilizing Social Networks in Business. Answer: Introduction Social networking refers to the action of using social networks for various purposes. Social networks, on the other hand, are websites and platforms that are used to share ideas and unite people of the same interest (Edosomwan Prakasan, 2016). They are also called virtual community or social media. Examples of these social networks include; Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, My Space, Bebo, Instagram, among many others. Most of the successful businesses in the world make use of social media. This is because most of the people can be easily reached, via social networks. When used wisely, businesses accrue more profits. The vice versa is also true. Social networks are platforms which need good marketing strategies for businesses to thrive well. According to (Jussila et al., 2014), about 1.3 million businesses in the make use social networks to market their products. Appended to this report is an analysis of the usage of social networks in contents and subcontinents of the world. This justif ies that social networks are essential tools to be studied as far as the success of businesses is concerned. There are many advantages which result from the utilization of these platforms. However, there are also some disadvantages of using the. The following are the project objectives of this project report. Project objectives Objectives set the main focus of any research paper. This report has its base on the following specific, attainable and measurable, objectives. To identify the advantages of making the use of social networks in business. To state and explain the disadvantages of utilizing social networks in business. To give suggestions on what should be done for businesses to effectively use social networks in business. Project scope The project studies the major advantages and disadvantages of using social platforms in business. It entirely covers a literature review the merits of using social media in the business organization. The disadvantages of the same are still explained in detail below. The project report makes use of secondary data, obtained from articles, books, and journals. However, some sources which seem to be unreliable have been ignored in this report. Only those sources which have relevant and reliable information have been used. The report is specifically on merits, demerits, and some relevant suggestions on social media usage in business, and not social networking in general. A detailed literature review is as portrayed below. Literature review Many researchers, scholars, and marketers have researched, analyzed data and published widely on social networks. Some have even gone further to make an analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of utilizing social media in business. According to (Stelzner, 2014), there are more than 1 million books, articles, and journals published about these merits and demerits. Some of these have been used to compile this report.There are several advantages which result from utilization of social networks in business. To start with, social networks serve as very important tools for promotion. Promotion includes all aspects which aim at making more sales and maximizing profits. Promotion is mainly done through advertising. Marketers are able to advertise in real time, through the use of today's social platforms. This enables them to get first hand and reliable data for market analysis(Tiago Verssimo, 2014). Ads are also commonly used in social networks as promotion tools. Ads are shortly designed adverts which are clear on the information they communicate. Most business organizations include links on their ads. These links are very useful since they guide a potential and interested customer, to the business website where more information about the ad is found. Businesses can, therefore, opt to advertise social networks if they intend to make more profits. Secondly, social networks help businesses to gather customer insights and experiences (Whiting Williams, 2013)(Kaplan Haenlein, 2013). Customers usually have their own views on a company's product. Others have already used products of certain companies, and have an experience of using such products. These kinds of customers, therefore, carry important information with them, which is very important to manufacturers and business enterprises. For any business to evaluate its performance, it has to put customer experiences and insights into consideration. Through social networks, businesses collect information, analyze it and make relevant suggestions on where improvements should be made. Such networks, therefore, tend to be very advantageous to businesses. Thirdly, the utilization of social networks helps to build awareness of a brand and make customers loyal to that particular brand. For any business organization to become successful in the entire labor market, it has to have a brand name. This is a name that is fixed on the products of a certain company and which enables a business organization to market its products. The brand name may also bear the brand logo. To make more sales, businesses first make their brands known to the public, for example through advertising. This action of making a brand name popular and known to the public is referred to as creating brand awareness(Dijkmans et al., 2015). When potential customers become aware of a certain brand, they are more likely to purchase from that brand, this accrues the target company notable increase in profits. If the customers feel comfortable and satisfied with the products after experiencing them, they are likely to purchase even more, from the same brand. Additionally, they may even invite their friends and relatives to purchase from the same brand. By so doing, they are said to have developed customer loyalty. Nike is a good example of a business organization which has put this concept into practice. In 2013, Nike made more than 30% of its profits from social networks(Habibi et al., 2014). This was after it deeply ventured on social networks to create brand awareness. It massively advertised through Facebook, Google+ and LinkedIn. Within a short span of time, the brand name Nike spread to many parts of the world. Today, almost every nation has a product from Nike Company. Customers became loyal and Nike made a lot of profits Additionally, the usage of social networks helps in the ranking of businesses. The higher a business is ranked, the more famous it becomes and hence, the more sales it makes. All these activities at long last, aim at maximizing profits. Businesses are ranked according to two majorly known criteria, that is, ranking by search, and through web traffic (Hays et al., 2013).When a business massively utilizes social media, and its name is mentioned almost daily. This helps to improve search ranking and web traffic. The probability of making more sales is high when a business is ranked highly. For example, one of the highly ranked telecommunication companies in Australia is TPG Telkom. According to a research carried out by (Okazaki Taylor, 2013), this company makes use of social networks to reach the almost all citizens in that country and deliver its services to each social class according to their need. Social networks, therefore, are good platforms to improve the ranking of businesses. Moreover, social networks help the business organization to carefully study their competitors. As it is in the market, competition ever exists. Competition mostly arises when companies sell the same type of product (Culnan et al., 2015). When a company takes the time to study its competitors, through social networks, it might compete favorably with such competitors. For example, a business enterprise may choose to change its product line or utilize product variation to evade stiff competition. On product variation, the business may choose to manufacture distribute and sell products with colors, sizes, texture and pricing concepts, which are different from those of its competitors. Additionally, social networks make it possible business organization to share information, ideas, guidelines, and updates easily and faster. From the definition of a social network, it is clear that it involves bringing people together to one platform. It is therefore easy to communicate with customers through a channel which they can easily be accessible. Large business organizations communicate with their existing and potential customers via their pages in social media (Subrahmanyam et al., 2013). Through this social pages and social groups, customers can get updates, present their complaints and grievances; give positive suggestions and other business related comments. Through social networks, information moves to targeted customers easily and in a fast manner. In addition to the above-discussed advantages, social media also helps business organizations to create and maintain strong and long lasting relationships with their customers. Businesses maintain their customers through various ways. One of these ways is through persuasive communication. Business enterprises utilize social networks to respond to customers complaints in a polite and persuasive manner. This helps to build good relationships between the two parties. After persuasive communication, a broken relationship between customers and business can be brought back to existence. Other departments in business also make use of persuasive communication to build good relationships with customers. A good example is the tourism department in the Delta Airline Company. Trained personnel make use of social networks, to keenly look for potential tourists with determination. Their efforts are successful in most cases. Delta Airlines transports travelers to and fro different destinations as t hey enjoy their travel in the comfortably designed plane seats(Hudson et al., 2016). All this comes into being when the relationship has been created and made strong. It helps to increase customer engagements and therefore bring more capital to the business. Still, on the advantages, social networks help businesses to be the world widely connected. Large businesses not only sell their products in local and regional markets but also international markets. Through social networks, a business identifies business opportunities in other nations, which match with its operation. After market research, the business, therefore, does segmentation on such markets. In international markets where the segments are large, the business may choose to venture in those segments and by so doing, expand its operations. With time, that particular business can be connected to many nations in the world wide. For instance, Nike Company has a branch in almost every country in North and South America, Africa, Saudi Arabia and India (Tsimonis Dimitriadis, 2014). All these business segments in these countries have been identified through social networks. When a business becomes connected to many nations, the chances of making more profits are very high. Additionally, social networks are very useful to businesses since they are free of charge to sign up and use (Aral et al., 2013). Almost all social networks are free. They do not charge anything that can be termed as registration fee, during the opening of an account in their platforms. They are absolutely free to create and use. This is a big business opportunity which business organizations should use to cut down on marketing costs. Since advertising in social media is free, companies should advertise widely on these platforms, with moderation. Adverts are likely to reach the targeted customers in a timely manner since these platforms are designed according to groups of common interests among other characteristics. Finally, social networks serve as good platforms for market research (Hanna et al., 2013). For any business to be successful, especially those which would like to enter the market, conducting a market research is very important. This can only be carried out where the anticipated customers can be easily accessed. Social platforms, in this case, serve as good places to carry out this research. Different businesses venturing in different business opportunities can efficiently utilize social networks to get market research information. It is from this information that decisions are made on which fields to venture and which ones to ignore. However, despite all the advantages well elaborated above there still exists some demerits of making use of social networks in business. These demerits originate from three major sources; the business, the customers and the environment. Some of these disadvantages are as discussed below. To start with, social networks might lead to bad publicity of a business organization. This challenge mainly arises from the business and its customers. When the business does not provide services which cater to the timely needs of the customers, such unsatisfied customers and other aggressive third parties may publicly denounce the company. This is very dangerous to the business enterprise since chances of losing potential and existing customers become very high. This signals that a significant drop in sales may be experienced for certain duration of time. For example, in the recent past, General Motors Company incurred a mass loss in the recent past years (Heller Baird Parasnis, 2015). All these began after the company delayed the manufacture of cars for a long duration. When the vehicles were finally delivered to respective customers, they had deficiencies since they ignited abnormally. The ignition switches were faulty. As a result, several cases of death were reported. This wen t viral on the social networks and the sales of this company promptly decreased. Secondly, social networks may expose business an organization to great risks of loss. When a lot of secret information regarding a business is widely exposed fraud activities like hacking are likely to happen. Hackers only hack when they have enough information concerning that particular business. Social networks are one of the platforms through which such secret information can be exposed. Early this year, the Kenya Revenue Authority was hacked. This was after the agency displayed too much information on social networks, on how it has been making profits. Hackers went ahead and hacked over 2 billion Kenyan shillings(Fuchs, 2017). Lastly, social networks are time-consuming and need close monitoring. Businesses have the mandate to daily monitor social platforms to ensure that all activities run smoothly. This takes a lot of time compared to other means through which such companies would market their products. Conclusion Conclusively, this report had compiled all the advantages and disadvantages which might accrue when a business uses social networks. However, to make sure that businesses operate efficiently in social networks despite the disadvantages of doing so, the business can put into practice, the following suggestions. First, businesses should have a specific marketing strategy which should be clearly indicated in their goals. This will help to ensure that they operate according to their set limits. Issues of time wastage may not be experienced in this case. Additionally, businesses should take safety measures to ensure that their operations are safe and secure. For example, businesses can ensure its properties and employees to ensure that they are compensated in case of loss. A business can also employ experts in Information Technology (IT), to closely monitor and record any form of fraudulent activities (Whiting Williams, 2013). This report had one major limitation, which is the lack of su fficient finance. As a result, most of the data utilized in this report was from secondary sources since the first-hand information was too expensive. However, the data used is accurate and reliable to any business organization which intends to use social networks for its operations. References Aral, S., Dellarocas, C. Godes, D., 2013. Introduction to the special issuesocial media and business transformation: a framework for research. Information Systems Research. Culnan, M.J., McHugh, P. Zubillaga, J., 2015. How large US companies can use Twitter and other social media to gain business value. MIS Quarterly Executive. Dijkmans, C., Kerkhof, P. Beukeboom, C., 2015. A stage to engage Social media use and corporate reputation. Tourism Management, pp.58-67. Edosomwan, S. Prakasan, S., 2016. The history of social media and its impact on business. Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship, p.79. Fuchs, C., 2017. Social media. A critical introduction. Habibi, M., Laroche, M. Richard, M., 2014. 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Computers in Human Behavior, pp.606-13. Kaplan, A. Haenlein, M., 2013. Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media. Business Horizons, pp.59-68. Okazaki, S. Taylor, C., 2013. Social media and international advertising: theoretical challenges and future directions. International marketing review, pp.56-71. Stelzner, M., 2014. The 2011 social media marketing industry report. Chicago. Subrahmanyam, K., Reich, S., Waechter, N. Espinoza, G., 2013. Online and offline social networks: Use of social networking sites by emerging adults. Journal of applied developmental psychology, pp.420-33. Tiago, M. Verssimo, J., 2014. Digital marketing and social media. Business Horizons, pp.703-08. Tsimonis, G. Dimitriadis, S., 2014. Brand strategies in social media. Marketing Intelligence Planning, pp.328-44. Whiting, A. Williams, D., 2013. An International Journal. Why people use social media: a uses and gratifications approach. Qualitative Market Research, pp.362-69.